Among the Impostors :: essays research papers

I have just read the book titled Among the Impostors. The author of this book is Margaret Peterson Haddix. This book is a sequel to Among the Hidden. In Among the Hidden, a male child named Luke is hiding from the world because he is an illegal third child. He shouldnt exist because the government limited the amount of children to each family to two because of the decreasing amounts of food. Luke gets blare of hiding and wants to make a difference, so he gets a fake I.D. with the help of a neighbor and goes to a boarding school. Among the Impostors continues on with Lukes brio in the boarding school, and shows that no matter how people act, they can be very different on the inside. At the boarding school, at that place is a boy named Jason who gives Luke a very hard time. He has him do push-ups and a bunch of other pointless tasks just in order to get into his bed. Luke is getting vomit up of it, and one day, he notices that a door is open in the school. It shows the unwrapdo ors, and Luke knows thats his only chance of escaping the wretched school. Once he gets outside, he notices that its skirt by a huge forest that stretches for miles. He ventures outside and makes himself a pitiful garden, but he feels good about it anyway. That was the only thing that unploughed him there. Then one day he went outside and found that his garden was ruined by people who had stomped all over it. Luke cooks up a cast to bust the people that ruined his garden. He sneaks out during the night and waits for the people to arrive outside. He finds that one of them is Jason. As he eavesdrops on their conversation, he finds out that theyre all third children too.Once I finished this book, I felt irritated that Luke chose to stay at the school even though he was told he could leave by a trusted neighbor and life-saver (p. 169). He wanted to stay at the school to help all of the third children there live their life without fear of being discovered. I dont see how he could help the world like he dreamed by having every boy in the school contribute to the garden out back (p. 172). I think he would have done better if he had accepted the offer to go to a real and good school instead of staying at the boarding school with a bunch of low-social boys that would give Luke a bad influence.

Gap in Gender Pay Essay

INTRODUCTIONAlthough wo hands argon steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, are they still earning less(prenominal) than their male counterparts? Through tabu time there has been a definite difference between men and women and their median income. This pay faulting cuts across a big spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same(p) job and do the same work. thither may be many reasons for this gap in salaries most of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The chase research will investigate what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may have a bun in the oven an effect on the earnings of men and women.I. RESEARCH PURPOSEThe drive of this research is to determine whether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and experi ence are being compensated the same as men. Although women have made a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many historic period ago, it was thought that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no eight-day true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap between men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008).Thus, despite a sense of keep progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an key discrimination between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equa lity of gender pay is not only that it is the right thing to do, further an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce.II. PROBLEM DEFINITIONThe study, by the American Association of University Women educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. Essential variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and industry will be measured. Our aggroup will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such asa). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours.b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women invest less in their education.c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are qualifying to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them.d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a mans paycheck compared to a womans?e). Occupation type- some think women are looking for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a few occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers.f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men?Our team will investigate what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements.Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, even though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not bewilder the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades.III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESISWhile some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still prevalent today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are paid at a substantially increased rate for exploit in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions . This hypothesis is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles.More than forty years after the Federal Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an attempt to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to make decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home animateness and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, safety risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality.The research provided in this paper will lead to three possible outcomes it will either prove that men are paid at higher rates than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rates than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position.ReferencesHead, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over Bizwomen.com.Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http//www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). insurance Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http//www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/policy/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdfArndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http//www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

Mahatma Gandhi’s Death

What are we to make of Gandhis life? How should we judge this homespun-wearing politician-saint, the man who brought down an empire by preaching brotherhood and nonviolence? At the truly end, with his beloved India reaping its own destruction, Gandhi considered himself a failure. But his place in history is secure, and it does not diminish his longness to point issue that in some respects, he had failed. He had spent his life working toward the achievement of independence for India without violence or divisionyou can cut me in two if you wish, he splendidly told Muhammed Jinnah, but dont cut India in two. Yet in the end, he was forced to watch as his newborn country was torn by one of the great human calamities of the century. Gandhi had made India ungovernable for the British, but in the autumn of 1947, it became ungovernable for anyone. If his political dream was in some sense a failure, so as well was his dream of an India cleansed of the age-old inequities of caste and prejud ice, and yet uncorrupted by modern technology and industry. He imagined a country where countless Indian peasants wove their own turn and tilled their own land, without what he considered the ruinous effects of modernity.But after his death, history passed him by his great disciple, Jawaharlal Nehru, was an ardent socialist, and by the 1950s Nehrus five-year plans were turning India into an industrial stateand eventu exclusivelyy, a nuclear state. Meanwhile, the iniquities of class and gender that he had so loathed persisted, even into the 21st century. Yet Gandhi had to aspire as high as he did to achieve what he did indeed he won triumphs for India that less idealistic leaders would never have dreamed possible.No one did more than Gandhi to change the lot of poor Indians, and if his dreams fell short of reality, it was not because the dreams were flawed, but because the human race, which he loved so much, could not rise to the standard he set. It is current that India split aft er independence, but without Gandhis labor, without the power of his person, there would have been no India at all. The nationalists of the Indian National Congress fought for independence, but they were, and always would be, a Westernized elite, out of touch with the vast masses inhabiting the real India.It was Gandhi, the Mahatma, who made the people of the subcontinent believe in the idea of an Indian nation indeed, it was he, the frail, bespectacled figure with the simple tog and the ready smile, who embodied this idea throughout the long decades of struggle. To the Indian people, Gandhi gave a nation. To the world, he gave satyagraha, arguably the most revolutionary idea of a long and ravaged century. He showed that political change could be affected by renouncing violence that unjust laws could be defied peacefully and with a readiness to accept punishment that soul-force, as much as armed force, could bring down an empire.He drew this lesson from his readings of the Bible a nd Tolstoy and the Bhagavad-Gita, and he taught it to Martin Luther King Jr. , Nelson Mandela, and countless other political protestors who would quest after his example in the years to come. In some sense, Gandhis greatest achievement lay in his legacy for his ideals, and the example he provided in living them out, inspired, and progress to inspire, people of all nations to take up the peaceful struggle for freedom from oppression.India won independence in 1947, followed by the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, and partition of India. Gandhi said, Before partitioning India, my body will have to be cut into two pieces. About one million people died in the bloody riots until partition was reluctantly assert by Gandhi as the only way to stop the Civil War. He urged the Congress Party to accept partition, and launched his last fast-into-death campaign in Delhi, calling for a stop to all violence.Gandhi also called to give Pakistan the 550,000,000 rupees in honor of the partition agreemen t. He tried to prevent instability and anger against India. Gandhi was shot three multiplication in the chest and died while on his way to a prayer meeting, on January 30, 1948. His assassins were convicted and executed a year later. The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi were split in portions and sent to all states of India to be scattered in rivers. Part of Gandhis ashes rest in Raj Ghat, near Delhi, India. Part of Mahatma Gandhis ashes are at the Lake Shrine in Los Angeles.

Peer-reviewed journal articles Essay

Purpose The purpose of this engagement is to familiarize you with peer-reviewed journal articles published in psychological journals. By completing this engagement, you will learn how psychologists conduct look and communicate their findings. You will also learn how to critique psychological look into. This subsidization is worth a possible 50 points. The scoring rubric for this assignment is on the last page of this document. Directions (Part I) This is a two-part assignment and in this first part of the assignment, you are to review, and analyze the Stanley Milgram article provided by your professor. The complete citation for this article is Milgram, S. (1963). behavioural study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 67(4), 371-378. Doi 10.1037/h0040525 General Information A peer-reviewed journal article has the following major sections Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References, Table and Figures. The epitome for th is article is a summary statement that highlights the information in the Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections of this search article. Before you can begin writing your critique assignment, you will affect to read and understand the Stanley Milgram article. Here are your guidelines for writing your critique assignment This paper should be one-third pages in length, including your cover page. ravish none your teacher will schedule a mandatory library class session for your class. Use the American Psychological Associations (APA) Style Manual (6th edition), nominate a page that includesRunning headPage numberTitle of ArticleYour nameClassProfessors nameHint map Word to set-up/format your paper for APA style writing Write an introduction for your paper that includes the followingWho conducted the study?Why they conducted the study?Who were the subjects?What did the researchers hope to learn from their findings?What research methods were apply?What were there r esults?Write a two paragraph critique that includesThe research methods used and findingsHow the study relates to the Psychology 1010 course, andWhat impact the research findings have had on you as a student in this course?Assignment ScheduleLibrary Session either in class or onlineLearn how to addition databasesLearn about which journals are applicable to your major area Complete the PGCCs Library Plagiarism and APA tutorialsTake quizIn class or online small group activitiesIdentify components of the Milgram Study See Critique Assignment I Write your 1st potation and share it with your assigned peer-reviewer Re-write your 2nd draft and submit to your instructor for feedback Submit your final paper to your instructor for a gradeSCORING RUBRIC FOR CRITIQUE I ASSIGNMENTGrading Criteria- Please see the rubric below. This assignment is worth a possible 50 points. CRITERIA A B C D FAnalysis of the Components of a look into Article (i.e., problem statement, hypotheses, methodology, re sults and discussion) and a Critique of the importance of the article for the discipline and the general public 15 pointsPresents a thorough analytic thinking of all components of a research article ( i.e., statement of the problem, hypotheses, methodology, results, discussion, and a critical analysis of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (14-15 points) Presents a thorough analysis of three components of a research article and includes a critical analysis of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (12-13 points) Presents an analysis of two of the components of a researcharticle and omits critical components of the research article and the critical analysis (10-11 points)Presents analysis of at to the lowest degree one component the research article and identifies at least one component of the critical analysis (i.e. states the importance of the study for the discipline and or the general public (8-9 points) No attempts are made to present an analysis of the components of the research article or to a critically analyze the importance of the study identified (0 points)Peer-reviewed Journal Article is integrated in the critique assignment 15 points Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is used to write the critique assignment the research article is data-driven and fully integrated in the critique assignment(14-15 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is data-drive and integrated in the critique assignment(12-13 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in body of essay and not fully integrated into the critique assignment(10-11 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in reference list (8-9 points) No psychology peer-reviewed journal is used(0 points)General Writing Skills (i.e., syntax and mechanics) 10 points Uses college level writing that skillfully communicates meaning to readers with clarity and fluency, and is error-fre e (9-10 points) Uses college level writing that generally conveys meaning to readers. The writing has 1 3 errors (8 points) Uses college level writing that generally conveys meaning to readers with clarity, although writing has 4 6 errors (7 points) Does not use college level writing consistently throughout the assignment and this sometimes impedes the meaning of the text because of 7-10 errors in recitation and spelling(6 points) Do not use college level writing and is generally unresponsive to the task(s) because of errors in usage and spelling (0 points)APA Format10 points Demonstrates detailed attention to and successful execution of psychological writing task including organization, content, presentation, formatting and stylistic choices ( 9-10 points) Demonstrates consistent use of fundamental conventions particular to psychological writing task including organization, content, presentation, and stylistic choices (8 points) Follows expectations appropriate to psychological l writing task for basic organization, content and presentation (7 points ) Attempts to use a consistent system for basic organization and presentation (6 points ) No attempt to use a basic format for organization or presentation

African Americans in American Films Essay

Following the violent racism prevalent at the beginning of the turn of the twentieth century, African American cultural elites, struggling to converse a positive identity for the black, developed a middle-class ideology of racial lift up. Insisting that they were truly the representative of the races potential, black elites espoused an ethos of profit and self-help to the black masses and distinguished themselves from the black majority as the agents of cultivatedization hence they referred to it as the find outing the race. A central assumption of racial uplift ideology was that African Americans moral progress and material would diminish the white racism. The uplift of the black residential area referred to the struggle of African Americans living in the nineteenth and early 20th century to forge and maintain positive identity in the U.S. society that reduced their existence to that singularly alienating phrase the total threateningness problem. This is very demini ng and thats why they had to fight. What historians refer to as racial uplift ideology describes a prominent response of black middle-class spokespersons, leaders and activists to the crisis tag by the assault on the political and civil rights of African Americans primarily in the united states South from roughly the 1880s to 1914. A generation earlier, the fire of slavery and emancipation had fueled African Americans optimistic pursuit of education, economic independence and full citizenship, all crucial markers of freedom. Advocates of African American political and civil rights fought a lonely and tough struggle with few allies in a national climate of anti-black racism. White southern politicians and elite opinion leaders defended white supremacy and proclaimed the workforcetal, moral and physical depravity and inferiority of blacks from the pulpit, press and university. The consensus was that blacks were unfit for citizenship of the U.S., and that neo- slavery, or the pl antation slavery of menial labor and sh arcropping, was the innate state of black volume and that is where they belong. Guided by southern apologists for kill, many whites, regardless of education or income, viewed the aspirations of black men and women through the warped lens system of crude racial and sexual stereotypes that accused all blacks of immorality and criminality. Given the occurrence of such frightening representations of shades of black, Africa America attention and community spokespersons, a growing, but portion of the whole Africa America population, were under constant pressure to defend the picture and honor of dark men and ladies. Black management in the North were much freer to engage in governmental demonstration and condemn national oppression in stronger conditions than those management in the southern digress of, where governmental outspokenness could outcome in lynching or permanent exile. Obviously, then, dark management differed on strategies fo r dealing with the negro issue. So-called radicals endorsed demonstration and frustration against lynching and disfranchisement, challenging complete citizenship rights traditional management recommended accommodation, self-help, and the desire of property-ownership. The issue of what type to train and learning was best suited for shades of black was a tops(p) rod of argument. Some management, in the southern part of the U.S., preferred commercial knowledge, which highlighted manual training for farming and skilled jobs. Other dark management reenforce college for Africa Individuals, to ensure the development of a management and professional category. With opportunities for knowledge of any type restricted by the white-colored Souths anger, and with the preference of northern white-controlled bounty for commercial knowledge, what were basically complementary forms to train and learning became a source of intense issue. Despite these governmental variations, dark management g enerally countered anti-black generalizations by charge category variations among shades of black, and their essential role as rivalry management. From their perspective, to uplift the race featuring their function as elites to change the character and manage the behavior of the dark community. Against contumacious statements of dark immorality and pathology, knowledgeable shades of black battled a battle over the representation of their people, a strategy with uncertain effects and results. They knew as themselves as a better class of shades of black, and required identification of their respectability, and blessed position as providers of European improvement and society. But in doing so, they brought in a state policies of internal category department (See also panel 53 in Edward Lawrences The Migration of the Negro.) that often seemed to internalize best-selling(predicate) thoughts of dark companionable depravity and backwardness even as they desired to battle racial discri mination. In other words, this method of opposing racial discrimination tacitly echoed popular approximations of category and sex structure. Their view that community improvement for shades of black was preferably calculated in patriarchal conditions of male-headed families and homes created stress between knowledgeable men and ladies. Such objectives of women deference to men authority and management were challenged by many knowledgeable dark females, such as Old Julia Cooper and the anti-lynching capitalist and reporter, Ida B. standard of measurement holes. This version of national uplift philosophy as an anti-racist argument employed by knowledgeable shades of black is best understood as a composite, varied and sometimes defective reaction to a situation in which the range of governmental options for Africa America management was restricted by the aggressive and persistent racial discrimination of the post-Reconstruction U. S. Declares. By reinforcing their respectabili ty through the moralistic over say claims of uplifting the competition, and suggesting the ethical guidance of the dark community, Africa America middle-class management and spokespersons were marginalizing the idea of uplift in its more democratic and inclusive sense of combined community progression and requirements for equivalent privileges. Many dark spokespersons desired to split up this tension between personal and team position by insisting that personal success helped the whole competition. However, many Africa America men and ladies considered the over stated claims of uplift as a call to community support. They introduced values of self-help and support to the team in building educational, reformist community gospel chapels, social and fraternal organizations, settlement houses, magazines, trade labor unions, and other community institutions whose beneficial community impact surpassed the ideological limitations of uplift. In the last decade, photograph students h ave focused an increase amount of crucial attention on Oscar Micheauxs 1920 silent movie Within Our Gateways as an essential Africa America reaction to D. W. Griffiths infamously improper movie, The begin of a Country (1915). Oscar Micheauxs milestone movie offered a rebuttal to Griffiths interpretation of dark assault and crime with a story of the injustices set about by Africa Individuals in a improper community. While Griffiths movie symbolizes dark men attacks on white-colored women cleanliness, Micheauxs movie sets the historical record peachy with its interpretation of the attempted sexual attack of a dark woman by a white-colored man. But the national reversals in the plot of the movie are not the only difficulties that Within Our Gateways presents to Griffiths movie. Within Our Gateways also surfaces The Beginning of a Country in the state policies of its appearance, specifically in its very varied use of similar modifying. Griffiths movie uses crosscutting to exis ting a very simple resistance between white-colored virtue and dark villainy in contrast, Micheauxs movie uses a complicated modifying pattern to existing a larger community vision of many different, competing governmental roles within two white-colored and Africa America community. The complicated design of Micheauxs modifying is efficient in making up a viewer who is more politically crucial than the viewer constructed by the traditional The enter biz industry design of Griffiths movie. Series in Micheauxs movie crosscut among five or six different locations and twice as many characters consequently, Micheauxs movie requirements an engaged and innovative viewer to identify inconsistent and contrary community and governmental statements about the power structure of competition relations in the U. s. Declares. The Negro Knight is a 1944 documented created by the U. s. Declares Military during World War II.1 The movie was created by Honest Capra as a follow up to his successfu l movie series Why We Fight. The army used this movie as a means of propaganda to persuade Africa Individuals to bug in the army and battle in the war. A lot of people regarded the movie very highly, some going as far to say that The Negro Knight was one of the finest factors that ever happened to America.2 Due to both high reviews and great cinematography, The Negro Knight proved to be a large movie that affected army members and citizens of all competitions. The Negro Knight affected later Africa America movies and its viewers in different ways. The movie performed a considerable part in changing the types of roles that Africa Individuals received in following movies. For example, instead of showing shades of black only as slaves or sub servants, this movie showed Africa Individuals as lawyers, artists, athletes, and other valued careers. In different movies during this time frame, Africa Individuals were often represented as comical figures. However, after The Negro Knight, Africa Individuals performed more decent and popular roles in movies. Furthermore, people came to realize how essential and significant a tool, movies were for telecommuting saves gas. Messages within movies, if indicated the correct way, could influence viewers greatly. The message within The Negro Knight saturated the notion and offered visual proof those national equal rights was a validated idea and should be approved. Africa Individuals around the country were very pleased with this movie. In both movies, the meaning of uplift was extremely competitive even among those who shared it is designed. Ultimately, top level ideas of the philosophy retreated from more democratic thoughts of uplift as community progression, leaving a heritage that becomes smaller the Americans ideas of privileges, citizenship, and community justice. One of the significant limits of national uplift philosophy was that the attempt to restore the picture of dark people through category differe nces trafficked in statements of national and sex structure. The appeal implied in national uplift philosophy for the identification of dark elites capacity for citizenship had overshadowed post-emancipation justifications by shades of black and white wines that posited inalienable privileges as the foundation for dark men citizenship, financial privileges, equivalent protection, and team power. The dark top level made uplift the foundation for a racial top level identification declaring Negro improvement through category stratification as competition improvement, which required an associated idea of bourgeois certification for bigger roles in the movie industry, among other factors. Elites basically approved the conditions of the debate, recognizing that some are more deserving than others are. Instead of competition, though, they suggested that it was acculturation and unwrap of western culture and knowledge.ReferencesCapra, F., Moss, C., United States., & United States. (199 4).The Negro soldier. Hollywood, CA Craven Home Video.Hitchcock, A., Macgowan, K., Swerling, J., Steinbeck, J., Bankhead, T., Bendix, W. Slezak, W. Twentieth degree Celsius Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. (2005).Lifeboat. Beverly Hills, Calif 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.Micheaux, O. (1994).The conquest The story of a Negro pioneer. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.Micheaux, O., Thomas, P. A., Cram, B., Bowser, P., Taylor, C., Johnson, B., Northern Light Productions. phosphate buffer solution Video. (1994).Midnight ramble Oscar Micheaux and the story of race movies. Alexandria, VA PBS Video.Source document

Environmental Problems in Prenatal Development Essay

AbstractFor my research topic, I chose environ intellectual problems in antenatal exposement. I chose this topic be come I confine a great interest in prenatal development and the c ar the mother provides that testament negatively affect the fetus maculation it is still developing. Learning about the problems that occur will be an enormous advantage with my future c arer in nursing. Throughout my research, I hope to discover what the symptoms, of environmental influences, a fetus post contract during development.During prenatal development at that place are so umteen problems that you advisenot even count them. in that respect are two types of problems in development, genetic and environmental. The environmental problems are caused by the care the mother provides for her unborn tiddler. Whatever the mother puts her body through, she puts her child through. Teratogens are drugs or other substances that are capable of restricting the development of a fetus, causing blood l ine imperfections. Although the embryo is sensitive during all stages, in that location are more critical time periods when the fetus is more susceptible to the defects. During these critical periods, there are three major environmental problems that affect the fetus, which buns cause yield defects, by the mothers use of drugs, maladys, and mental and physical health. There are three major teratogens that affect the fetus in development one is by the mothers use of drugs. There are many mothers throughout the world use and abuse prescription, legal and misbranded drugs.The use of prescription drugs can be expert as dangerous as illegal drugs. Some mothers need to take prescribed drugs for their own health problems. Women who have seizures must take anticonvulsants to stop the seizures from occurring. The seizures the with child(predicate) mother has can cause tho as much damage than the drugs they are taking (Boyd and Bee, 2009, p. 72). Pregnant women taking Trimethadione for their seizures can cause the fetus to obtain many progressive defects such as eyebrows shaped like a V, cleft lip, cleft palate, and having delays in their development (Safter and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Another drug heavy(predicate) mothers might be prescribed for would be assembly line thinners, because of possible blood clots, to prevent heart attacks or strokes (DirectGov, 2010).An expecting mother who has been taking Warfarin to slow come out blood clots should assume that her child can be born with mental retardation and an unusually small head, known as nanocephaly (Slater and Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Certain infants with microcephaly develop normally and have the intellect as an ordinary child. Typically, infants with microcephaly possibly can have facial distortions, mental retardation, deferred motor skills, hyperactivity, dwarfism, seizures, difficulty with balancing and coordination, and other neurological irregularities (DirectGov, 2010). Every mother experiences put o n and nausea. Decades ago, doctors would prescribe Thalidomide, a sedative, to treat the fatigue and nausea.After these mothers gave stand, doctors have detected that the Thalidomide has many defects on the fetus. Infants were born with only half developed or take away arms or legs (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010 p. 1). Antibiotics are normally safe to take when consulted with a doctor. Pregnant women take antibiotics for certain types of infections. One often prescribed antibiotic to pregnant women is Tetracycline which can cause damage to the infant such as yellowing or graying of the teeth. It also can be passed through breast milk and if the child infant drinks the milk, there will be a observe they might affect the growth of bones and teeth (Cerner Multum, 2009).Despite the abuse of prescription drugs, there is also the use of legal drugs. There are many women who are pregnant and smoking. The use of nicotine during pregnancy will cause a few deficiencies in the infants developmen t. Nicotine users may have the chance to have an ectopic pregnancy, where the baby connects to the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus. This could result in a miscarriage. Mothers who smoke, throughout the entire pregnancy, can give have got to a stillborn or child with low birth weight (Bucher, 2010). The long depot effects on children, whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, could develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that causes absent- mindedness and spontaneity (ADAM, 2011). Another illegal drug that is very highly treat in pregnancy is alcohol. Mothers who are heavy drinkers or alcoholics are highly likely to give birth to infants with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome is a problem with mental and physical growth that occurs when the mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy. Infants with fetal alcohol syndrome have many symptoms.They include stunted growth be fore and subsequently birth, reduced muscle usage and dexterity, deferred mental and physical development, possible mental retardation and heart weaknesses including ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect (Adam, 2011). These children will also have very distinctive facials features that stand out. Infants will typically have smaller heads, a flattened nose with a big(p) space between the nose and mouth, narrow eyes and small upper jaw Depending on the period in pregnancy, alcohol might cause a miscarriage and premature birth (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.74).Along with prescription and legal drugs, illegal drugs are especially dangerous during the course of pregnancy. So many people sire habituate to drugs and have a hard time getting clean. Expecting mothers who are hooked on any type of illegal drug can be incredibly damaging to the infant. Marijuana is the most common manipulated illegal drug. Infants born to mothers that are marijuana users have more squabble concentrati ng, problems sleeping, and a short term memory (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73). Additional drugs that are mistreated are heroin and methadone. Mothers addicted to these two drugs will have babies addicted to them as well and are at possible risk of miscarriage, premature birth and preterm death (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 73).The symptoms of the heroin addicted infants are underprivileged growth, premature birth and stillbirth (March of Dimes Foundation, 2011). After birth, these addicted babies go into withdrawal and suffer from bad temper, intense shuddering, vomiting, seizures and sleep complications (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p.73). Babies who are addicted to methadone have almost similar symptoms to those addicted to heroin. The difference is that methadone addicted infants have a higher birth weight compared to infants addicted to heroin. Methadone babies are comforted more easily then heroin babies (March of Dime Foundation, 2011). A drug also abused by expectant mothers is cocaine. Cocaine can be in two formations, both powder form or whirl they equally have the same effects on babies.Many problems of cocaine use during pregnancy are exceedingly threatening. These problems include placenta problems, such as, placental breaking off which is when the placenta pulls away from the uterus prior take starts. When this happens, there could be an exceeding amount of bleeding the baby may be deprived of oxygen and a proper blood flow. The symptoms subsequently birth can be harsh for the infants, for instance, they experience jumpiness, irritability, and are very easily frightened. These infants cry often because they have trouble finding comfort with their mothers or caregivers. Luckily for these babies, they usually do not experience these symptoms through their entire sprightliness, normally just first month of life (March of Dimes, 2011).Besides the issues that are caused by pregnant mothers drug use, there are many complications with the mothers diseases. There are three d ifferent types of infections that could be passed down from mother to child, congenital infections, perinatal infections, and postnatal infections. Congenital infections are passed through the placenta and infect embryo. These infections include toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, Coxsackie virus, Epstein virus, chickenpox virus, human parvovirus, epidemic roseola, Herpes virus, and Cytomegalovirus (Koo, 2009). Rubella is also known as the German measles and expecting mothers can pass this down to her infant in utero. Symptoms the fetus may develop are cataracts, audience loss, and heart defects. CMV, also known as Cytomegalovirus, is a sexually transmitted disease and is a type of herpes virus. Having this disease while pregnant can be severe to the fetus life and cause eye, ear and brain defects in the early stages of prenatal development (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74).Infants who developed CMV after birth are less likely to have harsh symptoms then those developed in utero. Those symptoms are vision and hearing loss and possible cognitive tuition disabilities (Koo, 2009). Herpes is another congenital infection that can be extremely harmful in the development of the fetus. Mothers infected with herpes can pass down to her child many unpleasant symptoms. The significant symptoms include eye diseases, callous brain damage and skin lacerations (Koo, 2009). Substantial symptoms of herpes include seizures, neurological complications, microcephaly and microophthalmia. Microophthalmia is an eye abnormality that occurs before birth. This condition makes both eyes smaller than an average child and in some individuals their eyes may be innocent connected with blindness (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9).The perinatal infections, also known as the infection that happens in labor and delivery, take place in the birth canal while the baby is in the process of being born. Many of these infections are sexually transmitted diseases such as CMV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, HPV (genital warts), and group B streptococci. Mothers with gonorrhea giving birth to their child will distribute the infection to her child. The main symptom the infant could experience is difficulties with the eyes and possibly goes blind. The mother can encounter complications including miscarriage, early labor and likelihood of obtaining human immunodeficiency virus (Baby warmness Advisory Board, 2007, p. 1). Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. Mothers with this disease are capable of passing the disease to her child through delivery.When delivering the child vaginally, the infant could contract serious eye infections. Infants exposed to chlamydia also have the possibility of acquiring pneumonia. Fortunately, if treated properly children will usually do well and have a suitable recovery. If mothers receive treatment before delivery there would be a greater chance of the infant not obtaining the infection altogether (Baby Center Advisory Board, 2012). Expecting mothers with HPV do not really transfer the infection to their infants but if it is transferred, the babys ashes will normally disperse it from their bodies. However, women with genital warts may transfer this virus to their child and can be extremely life- threatening. These infants infected with genital warts form warts in their throat causing respiratory papillomatosis. The children with respiratory papillomatosis must receive laser treatment to stop the warts from multiplying and obstructing the childs airway.Doctors say that the women with HPV can deliver their children safely with little or no complications (WebMD, 2012, p. 1-2). Along with congenital and perinatal infections, postnatal infections are also particularly hazardous. Postnatal infections are caused after birth and are usually spread through breastfeeding. These infections include CMV, HIV, and group B streptococci. HIV can also be transmitted congenital and perinatal but HIV can be transferred po stnatal via breastfeeding (Stewart, 2012). Babies who obtain this virus normally become sick within the first two years of their life. This nausea will reduce the infants immune system which makes them easily susceptible to getting other virus than the average baby (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 74-75). Another illness that infants attain after birth is group B streptococci (GBS).Group B strep is bacteria found in a womans vagina. GBS is transferred to infants after birth with symptoms of issues with the respiratory system, and erratic cardio problems. These babies may also have severe digestive tract problems. Along with these issues, the most familiar complications involve sepsis, an increasing amount of bacteria in the bloodstream, pneumonia, and meningitis, a bacterial infection of membranes concealing the brain and spinal cord. Group B streptococci usually will occur earlier than later after the delivery and have fewer problems if it appears later (American pregnancy Association, 201 1). There are many problems affecting the fetus that arise from the mothers mental and physical health throughout her pregnancy. The age of the mother can make an immense difference in child birth.Mothers over the age of thirty fin can have many complications to her health and childs health. Women who push back pregnancy to later in life have the risks of developing gestational diabetes, infertility, possible miscarriage, early labor and extensive bleeding during labor. High blood pressure and chronic illnesses are also potence threats in older mothers (Baby Center Medical Advisory Board, 2012). These infants have a chance of developing chromosomal defects, cardiac abnormalities and growth retardation (Boyd & Bee, 2009). On the other hand, teenage pregnancy has just as many risks as women over thirty five. Teenage girls who are pregnant sometimes do not receive proper prenatal care, which can lead to issues in the fetus development. Pregnant teens can also experience high blood pre ssure which could result in preterm labor. Preterm labor may cause infants to have cognitive, respiratory and other physical complications.Teens that go into preterm have a chance of low birth weight infants that might not be amply developed. Teenagers are highly likely to obtain STDs and pass them to their infants during delivery which can be vital in their growth and development. Young mothers are potential victims for postpartum depression, making them feel alone, isolated and feeling like no one is there for them (Nihira, 2010, p.1-2). Along with age, other maternal influences affect the fetus such as emotions and ill mothers who go through radiation for medical purposes. Pregnancy can mess with womens emotions tremendously. Mothers who are really stressed or have anxiety might have troubles eating properly and may be prone to viruses which can cause the infant to be born with low birth weight.Children born to really distraught mothers will usually develop slower than the avera ge child (Boyd & Bee, 2009, p. 77). Pregnant women with an inconsistent metabolism could have heavier infants and are more likely to have problems early in development (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 9). Women with certain medical problems may need to go for radiation although they are pregnant. Radiation while pregnant can affect the fetus by killing the cells in its body, injuring the chromosomes, and retarding the mental and physical growth (Brent, 2011).Despite all of these developmental problems each infant goes through, the illness and defects can be somewhat prevented if treated early in the pregnancy. Each woman should think twice about what they put through their bodies when expecting a baby. environmental problems are life threatening and women need to consult with their doctors immediately to lessen the risk of their child developing any symptoms. There are critical periods when the fetus is the most vulnerable to these environmental influences. Even though there are critical p eriods, the mothers use of drugs, diseases, and mental and physical health are very serious through the entire pregnancy.BibliographyAdam Medical Encyclopedia. 2011. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001909/Adam Medical Encyclopedia. 2011. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002518/American Pregnancy Association. 2011. Group B Strep Infection GBS. Retrieved from http//www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancycomplications/groupbstrepinfection.htmlBaby Center Advisory Board. 2010. Chlamydia during Pregnancy. Retrieved from http//www.babycenter.com/0_chlamydia-during-pregnancy_1427376.bcBaby Center Advisory Board. 2007. Gonorrhea during Pregnancy. Retrieved from http//www.babycenter.com/0_gonorrhea-during-pregnancy_1427382.bc?page=1Bee, H & Boyd, D. 2009. twenty percent Edition Lifespan Development. Boston Pearson Education, Inc.Brent, Robert MD. 2011. Pregnancy and Radi ation Exposure. Retrieved from http//hps.org/hpspublications/articles/pregnancyandradiationexposureinfosheet.htmlBucher, Jordan. 2010. The Effects of Drug Use During Pregnancy & Developmental Stages. Retrieved from http//www.livestrong.com/article/254142-the-effects-of-drug-use-during-pregnancy-developmental-stages/Cerner Multum. 2009. Tetracycline. Retrieved from http//www.drugs.com/tetracycline.htmlDirect Gov. 2010. Anticoagulants, Warfarin. Retrieved from http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Anticoagulants-warfarin-/Pages/Introduction.aspxGovernment. 2012. Microcephaly. Retrieved fromhttp//www.medicinenet.com/microcephaly/article.htmKoo, Ingrid, Ph.D. 2009. Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy-Risks to Babies. Retrieved from http//infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/kidsinfections/a/Congenital.htmMarch of Dimes Foundation. 2011. Illicit Drug use during Pregnancy. Retrieved from http//www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_illicitdrug.htmlMayo Clinic Staff. 2010. Thalidomide Research advances in cancer and other conditions. Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/thalidomide/HQ01507Net Industries. 2012. prenatal Development- Prenatal Environmental Influences. Retrieved from Prenatal Development Prenatal Environmental InfluencesNihira, Mikio A. 2010. Teen Pregnancy Medical Risks and Realities. Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/baby/teen-pregnancy-medical-risks-and-realities?page=2Pierce, Martha. 2010. Pregnancy Risks After 35. Retrieved form http//www.parents.com/pregnancy/getting-pregnant/age-factor/pregnancy-risks-after-age-35/Slater, A. and Lewis, M. 2006. Prenatal Development. Retrieved from http//www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199283057/slater_chap03.pdfStewart, Grace John. 2012. Prevention of HIV transmission through breastfeeding in resource-limited settings. Retrieved from http//www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-hiv-transmission-through-breastfeeding-in-resource-limited-settingsWebMD. 2012. HPV and Pregnancy. Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/sexual-c onditions/hpv-pregnancy

Abraham Lincoln Did Not Free the Slaves

To this very day, many still believe that Abraham Lincoln, with his liberty Proclamation, serves as a revolutionary train that guided America in a for struggled direction to the abolishment of slavery. As dainty and happily ever after as such sounds, sadly this is not the case at all. though Lincoln and many other Yankeeers opposed slavery, emancipation of the millions of enslaved blacks wasnt al demeanors well accepted in the racist society of the North or the South.Northern blacks were typically more outspoken about the issues of slavery however, this led to many being seen as merely stoking the fire that would lead to a civil war and secession of the South. Eventually secession did occur with the election of 1860 and Abraham Lincolns anti-slavery platform, but Lincoln didnt immediately grant manumission of all the slaves. Instead, as eld past and war weariness settled in, along with an already occurring self-liberating force by enslaved blacks, Lincoln passed the Emancipation Pr oclamation.This historical document has been morphed into being accepted as Lincolns greatest achievement and the freeing of slaves. When actually analyzing the contents of this document and already occurring self-liberation movements of this time, it is evident that Abraham Lincoln didnt free the slaves. 1. Self-Liberation Movements a. Motivation i. promulgation from God ii. Civil War 1. Allowed the already self-liberation black movement to grow. 2. Believed that if North Won = End of Slavery 3. Believed that if South Won = Slavery everywhere b. Ran towards man and wife Lines i. Pilgrim Armies ii.Camped in areas where Union Soldiers occupied 1. Freedom Fort 2. Union-held Fortress Monroe 3. Hundreds left slavery and went here. iii. Left from Virginia and the Carolinas to Richmond iv. Left Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Missouri to the North c. Self-made Emancipation proclamations i. Many slaves made their own. ii. Inspiration from slave songs. d. Became an unavoidable Military and Political Issue i. Many enlisted ii. Worked on Union encampments iii. Served as spies iv. Treated as contraband v. Abraham Lincoln and other Generals didnt recognize their freedom in most cases. . Emancipation Proclamation a. Purpose i. Proclamation was created to weaken Confederacy. ii. Lincolns finale was to repair the union. iii. Purpose was not to free slaves. b. Contents i. Proclamation freed only slaves in Rebellious States. ii. Lincoln preserved slavery in loyal states and part of the confederacy in Union control. c. Effectiveness i. No authority over the Rebellious States ii. Slaves in the South were already liberating themselves iii. There wasnt a way to enforce this Proclamation. d. Lincolns Views i. Didnt believe in a black and white society. i. Was anti-slavery, different from abolitionist. iii. More focused on preserving the Union and halt expansion of slavery. iv. Why did he wait two years if he really wanted to emancipate the slaves? v. Lincolns Letter to Hor ace Greeley my paramount quarry in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery, If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.