The Role of Tragedy in Early Greek Legacy Essay Example for Free

The Role of Tragedy in Early Greek Legacy EssayTragedies have been a big and cardinal part of Greek culture and score. Greek tragedies argon frolics per ca-caed before a large sense of hearing, ordinarily during festivities of gods, that narrate the story of a hero and all the crotchety challenges and sufferings that he has to go through in order to achieve something or learn an important lesson. Tragedies normally have complex plots wherein disasters happen one after(prenominal) the other and their resolutions reveal important lessons or realizations.These dramas have apparently started around the 5th century BCE, a pivotal time in Greek history that also marked a lot of their other contributions like democracy. Thespis, known as the father of drama, introduced the idea of one actor acting on arrange that started the flourishing of tragic dramas (Greek Tragic Drama). Later on, three masters of tragedy emerged namely Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Many of the tra gedies that have survived from their time were written by these men who made Greek tragedies a real part of literature.But tragedies are not merely stories popularized just to be performed before an audience. Tragedies overhaul as an important expression of culture and creativity of Greek society. They are well supported by the Greek society because tragedies serve as means of reminding the Greeks of the good lessons values that their culture upholds and believes in. The arrival of tragedies was in Greece was a very significant timing in history because it was around the time when Greek culture gaining pulse and flourishing. The salient surge in creativity catalyzed the concept of the Greek tragedy (Reed 1).It encouraged the creation of dramas with crucial themes by presenting them as one of the highlights of festivities. A tragedy usually depicts the downfall of a noble hero or heroine, usually through some combination of hubris, fate, and the will of the gods (Tragedy the Basi cs). Heroes are great men and women but remains imperfect humans capable of doing good and committing mis matters. They are not totally good nor totally bad, but they are usually prominent or greater than other muckle around them. They are also packaged as people destined to experience big transformations in their animateds.Tragedies became avenues for the creative minds of playwrights to let their imagination and talent out. In the Greek society, tragedies also function as lessons in behavior because of the way they incorporate moral teachings into the changes of the lives of the heroes (Reed 1). The trials, successes, failures, and losings that the heroes experience serve as effective teaching tools for the Greeks. Tragedies convey different realities and some of the most common themes they present are that actions do not go unpunished, and the gods work in mysterious an often ironic ways (Reed 2).Since the characters of tragedies are not always perfectly virtuous, they are gi ven certain tasks that challenge and yield the actions they take in their lives. The twists in the plots also give constant reminder of the intertwined quality of human smell and the power of the wills of the gods. Tragedies function as manifestations of the reality that life is never perfect for men. They also serve as reminders for Greeks of the different experiences that could possibly happen to a human person, giving them idea what path should one take and what should be avoided.Tragedies are very easy to appreciate despite having heavy themes because they deal with specific instances of life. They revolve around adventures in families, in battles, and in piety. Tragedies usually follow relationships of people with others and with their gods as guides for their plots. Divine presence in anything in this world is a very significant character of Greek culture and some tragedies highlight the importance of faith in ones daily life.Tragedies are very important to the Greek soc iety because they give lessons about virtue and warnings how people should live their life morally by using immense disasters that complicate a heros life. It is not easy being a hero in a Greek tragedy although the hero need not die at the end, but he or she must undergo a change in muckle in order to understand and live out the the different virtues of the Greek society (Tragedy the Basics). The goal of every tragedy is to make the audience see what may come out with good values and what are the probable tragic events for every mistake or wrong action.These are specific warnings or reminders about life, about the use of power, and about morality as a part of everyday life. Greek tragedies speak volumes about the lives of those dwelling in this ancient society (Reed 3). They are representations of what was the culture of Greece in its early years. Through their plots, their characters, and the ideals incorporated in their stories, tragedies are able to preserve the culture and bel iefs that the Greeks have. Tragedies have a unique way of teaching and passing on knowledge to people through the presentations on the stage.The Greeks responded so well to this approach because their core values are being addressed in a way that enables everyone to participate (Reed 3). Performed art was very close to the hearts of this creative and rich nation. Classic Greek drama was a community art, not a business venture and the dramatists are regarded with high importance in their society (Greek Tragic Drama). Tragedies serve the effective purpose of educating people about examples of moral actions, cleansing of souls, and other related religious and virtuous beliefs. Another significance of these tragedies is that they bind the Greeks together as one society.Tragedies are affairs that serve as a community gathering largely sponsored by the government(Reed 1). Presentations usually take a form of contests and have emerged to become annual events in Ancient Greece. Large venues are allotted for them because performance of tragedies fostered a sense of community amongst the Greek peopleand every citizen in the society are expected to witness them. Therefore, performances of tragedies gather thousands of people together to performances that entertain and educate, effectively passing on of political and religious messages promoted in Greek culture.Although very entertaining and usually presented in festivals, tragedies were not intended only for entertainment purposes only for they also unit the Greeks as one community. With so many individuals, ranging from prominent politicians to peasants, a tragedy was something all people could share (Reed 3). In a theater where tragedies are performed, people from different classes, educated or not educated, men and women, are all given the chance to appreciate and witness the tragic dramas.And through these events, people learn more about the roles of their government, their communities, and their religion in their li ves. Tragedies are considered very important and significant in Greek society. Indeed, they are capable of qualification people more responsible in their roles in their communities and more respectful of their gods. Greek tragedies are also expressions of devotion to their gods because they describe the important role that gods play in the lives of humans. Today, a lot of tragedies still prevails and recognized as some of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to people.They were elaborately supported by the Greek society because of the benefits they were able to share in making their community educated, prosperous, and peaceful. Tragedies usually challenge ideas of too much pride, injustice, foolishness, and other human flaws. They encourage knowledge and moral living. Tragedies present frank and definite examples of what happen to people who question the powers of gods or the intentions of the government. Because of this, they are able to nurture a citizenshi p well aware of the purpose and significance of their culture.Works Cited Greek Tragic Drama. Memphis University School. n. d. Web. 20 July, 2010. Retrieved from http//faculty. musowls. org/Sheltont/lit/HO(gtd). htm. Reed, Sloane. The Critical Role Greek Tragedies Played in Greek Society. Associated Content. com 13 Nov. 2008. Web. 20 July 2010. Retrieved from http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/1180307/the_critical_role_greek_tragedies_played_pg3. html? cat=37. Tragedy the Basics. Grand Valley defer University. 2008. Web. 20 July 2010. Retrieved

Pachelbels Canon Essay Example for Free

Pachelbels enactment EssayIn what people consider as classical music, there are different eras of music, ii in particular that deserve a closer look are the Baroque Period and the Classical Period. The dickens different styles, or eras, are actually close in what the untrained ear. Listening to the two different eras at first it was difficult hear a distinct difference between the two eras of music. In the Baroque Era music like Bachs Water Music, Handels Messiah and Pachelbels Canon are soft singsong appends generally with smaller ensembles of instruments, the focus on strings in the music and was generally written between 1600 and the 1750s (Differences 2011). In the Classical Era such as Haydns String Quartet, Mozarts Symphony no. 40 and Beethovens Symphony no. 5 the music is a short(p) more(prenominal) chaotic and not as in tune with the other pieces. Classical pieces also tended to be larger orchestras that focused more on the winds and brass, even off though strin gs were still part of the group. The music is generally considered to from 1750s to the 1820s (Differences 2011). Two pieces of music that are good to compare from the eras is Pachelbels Canon and Beethovens Fifth Symphony.Pachelbels Canon is a very peaceful, rhythmic and melodic piece of music that is soothing to ear and is escape music, it has the military force to take the listener and transport, or escape them from where they are at. Canon has been used in advertisements as well as a wedding song, which is what is most cognize for this day is as a processional piece of music. Beethovens Fifth is another popular and well known piece, Beethoven uses the whole orchestra and the piece rises and lowers throughout the piece in its different movements. Pachelbels Canon is more of a peaceful piece this piece is more violent and chaotic.Beethoven has expound the opening notes, some describe as s-s-s-L, as Fate knocking on your door (Beethovens 5th). The piece is instense and from the beginning there is a sense of earnestness and drama that carries throughout the piece. The two subject pieces are hard to relate to todays music other then Pachelbels Canon is more of a love song, or perhaps a comparison to Enya in that in melodic and peaceful. Beethovens Fifth is more of your Hard Rock, or a Rap song that is intense and as a story to tell in the piece.

Honour & Shame Essay Example for Free

Honour Shame EssayOne Sunday morning I was thrust my children back from their regular soccer game. It was a warm summer day, sun shining ever so brightly, making the uneven t experience picturesque. As I drove along in my Holden with rigid brown seats and the windscreen wipers that didnt work, I looked over to my sixteen year old daughter academic session next to menodding and shaking her head rhythmically to, in her words, legendary music band One Direction. An image of Asreen flashed through my mindKiran? the voice on my restless phone was barely more than a whisper. Kiran? Is that you? .The train tug back home was a typical for Friday eveningIt was very busy Friday evening train ride back from work, Are you able to speak up a little? I asked, raising my own voice overagainst loud chatterschatters from fellow passengers and rattling hindrance from the train.I found your number in Indus Age, My the line went suddenly went dead. Indus Age is a local monthly newspaper. i It has largest circulation to Indian and S bulge outh East Asian union in the country. I was interviewed a week ago concerning about my plight with honour based violence. After two years of lengthy legal achievement over evidence of injury which included tampered medical records I managed to get a divorce. I was sure that such crimeshonour based violence against women was prevalent and practiced behind closed doors, after my divorce I wanted to assist other women in similar situation and accommodate my phone number oblige in the newspaper.I thought I lost her but then, few minutes later, she was back. Sorry I had to hang up I thought soul was coming. My parents are forcing me to marry a 35 year old man who I dont even k now. I am a captive in my own house. I cant take it any longer. I need attention. She stopped for breath. Please help me, she said in a trembling voice. She sounded frantic it seemed that she was at the mercy of her family.I didnt know who I was talking to but I knew I had to help. I spoke quickly, muckle you get out? T present are all sorts of help available if you can get out. I knew from my own experience that if a girl has do up her mind to run she usually finds a way to do it. This woman could be anywhere in the country but she was desperate and I had to reassure her. There is help for you,. I said. There are women refuge houses, people to support. I would support you. Youll be okay.But howWait, thats Dad. Hes coming. I have to go Her phone went dead.I felt anxiousiety, my pulse shot up as I tried as best I could to get on with my daily household choresroutine and parental responsibilities. Later in thethat evening while I was preparing dinner my phone rang again. I tried badly to understand but couldnt make out anything except the gasping sound panting. I turned off my range-hood and enquired, Hello?Its me, Asreen, she spoke, her voice penetrating as if she was right next to me. I did it, I ran awayWhere are you?Redfern.Asree n, you have to call the police. DailDial 000 I had put my phone on speaker as I washed my hands.No, I dont want police. My family will never see me again. My community will disown me, she said claimed almost hysterical.I could conceive of why Asreen didnt want police to be involved. She was in a state of fear and frustration. Her parents who loved her dearly until very recently changed overnight and now consider familys honour more important than that of their daughters well-being and happiness.Meet me at Redfern railway station in 45 minutes,. I said cleaning up my kitchen.Please dont be late,. she hung up.I called on my children and explained them that I need to go out on an emergency. I drove as fast as I could past the motorway speeding up to maximum limit. I reached Redfern at 8 p.m. it was crowded, people force one a nonher to get ahead in line. Few country trains hurried past while the intercity trains stopped at the platform for passengerss dark and deserted. I walked acro ss the automatic ticket machine to find myself staring at a tall slim woman leaning against the closed door humming what I could understand a very popular song. from Justin Beiber.She looked no more than sixteen dressed in a traditional outfit her head was cover in a veil. I caught her eye and she smiled and then waved at me.Kiran, she said enthusiastically.Yes. I walked closer I could see her eyes swollen lips dried smeared make up over her face. I offered her a bottle of water and walked with her to my car. No one spoke, the two minute walk felt like an eternity.Breaking the suppress she spoke softly, Thank thank you Kiran. You saved my life. I read your story and only after I spoke to you I found courage to pass along my house.I didnt know what to say, I was in a state of shock. I felt rage I could barely focus on my private road I wanted to say something. Asreen continued, There were bolts on all doors and someone from the family was always home. I didnt know how to get out . And if I did, where would I go?We talked about family, food, school, fashion and many other issues on our way back. We talked as if we were best friends and had known each other for many years. I introduced Asreen to my children Maya and Vicky and offered her rice and honey curry for dinner. It was close to midnight she looked very tired and fell asleep as soon as she sat on the lounge.I imagined her situation it was her mother who position her marriage. She grew up knowing that one day the subject of her marriage would come up but didnt expect it when she was sixteen. She was one of the smartest girls in her school she wanted to become a psychiatrist. One day when her parents woke her up and told her that she was going to get engaged Asreen said bluntly, But I dont want to.For the next few days I enquired at womens refuge centre, department of community services, legal aid and other community based organisations. What followed was another hook proceeding lasting more than 12 w eeks. I became Asreens foster parent while she continued her education. Later that year Asreen and I started Honour to help other women from South East Asian family facing honour based violenceI sat next to her contemplating on the events of the day. I wanted to help Asreen and reach out to other women in similar situations confronting criticism and oppression from inside their communities and often close family members for not being obedient to the traditional rules set by men for thousands of years.Are you alright? Asreen said waking up suddenly. I realised that I accidentally dropped my glass on the wooden floor breaking it into pieces. wherefore cant I live like any other sixteen year old girls? Why cant I have boy-friends like girls from my school? she cried while cleaning up broken pieces of glass.It was close to two, I was so exhausted I could barely feel any strong point in my legs. I could hear Asreens voice slowly fading away. With my eyes closed I tried to seek explanat ion for such acts against own daughter.The issue of status of women is always in question in a patriarchal society. For thousands of years people from Indian sub-continent had considered daughter a painful burden, a potential source of shame to her father. Family is vital principal group and marriage hallowed as sacred. Women are deprived of their freedom and those who rebel or go against the norms faces threat the people of the community so much so that they are even killed for honour. perhaps this comes out as it makes it like a newspaper article, not a narrative. As we arrived home I hugged my daughter tightly and said with tears running down my cheeks, I love you. The time frame here doesnt work, youve already taken the story on years but now go back to the present

Decision Making in End of Life of Newborn Care

Decision Making in End of Life of Newborn coverSh ared decision making at the end of life of newborn bring offIntroduction Neonatal intensive care for extremely low lineage weight baby is dearly-won and most of the time there is disagreement between the Neonatologist and the family to make the best decision in the best following of the patient. thither is a reported incidence of pre-term delivery of low-birth-weight (PLBW) babies of 37% of all live births in Pakistan To refer the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) baby or withhold manipulation is an ethical issue is frequently faced by health professionals.Situation A baby boy with 22 weeks gestational age, weigh 0.7 kg was shifted from labor room to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The baby was the fourth preterm newborn of her mother and was breathing spontaneously. The Neonatologist decided not to resuscitate the baby as there is minimum chance of survival. The parents were not involved in the process while the decision is made. Within one hour, the infant started gasping and his check up on deteriorated, he could not maintain his struggle to breathe spontaneously and eventually expired.AnalysisIn the scenario the doctor decided not to resuscitate the infant because of gestational age that is 22 weeks and weight 7kg. In- fact the doctor decided based on risk and benefits of the treatment and probability of morbidity and mortality of the child. Singh (2003) claims that when the death of an infant is unavoidable or probability to live with neuromotor disabilities is more, the decision to withhold treatment is justified. Akhtar (2010) stated that use of advance technology results in prolonging death of patients or else than giving them comfort. The doctor excessively used paternalism approach to protect the infant from possible suffering that is prolonging death process. Moreover, the doctor also perceived since the parents are emotionally involved with the infant therefore, they cannot take appro priate decision. In addition, the intention of the doctor was the appropriate utilization of scarce resources that are medicine, technology and employee. In public orbit hospital all these resources are limited. Ahmed and Shaikh (2008) stated that health figure has always been low and remains around 0.6% of the total GDP of the country. However, to ignore the legitimate self-direction of the parents was ignored, and they were not granted discretion in decision making. As the baby was precious and if the parents can afford the treatment, their wish should be respected.Ethical principle benignity is in conflictBeneficence. Health care professionals have an obligation to promote health and avoid harm. This principle involves these elements (1) one ought not to harm (2) one ought to go along harm (3) one ought to remove harm (4) one ought to promote good. The most important and easiest to practice is doing not harm. Harm to be prevented is discomfort, suffering, disease and its int erventions. The good to be promoted is health. The principle of beneficence implies an obligation to assess benefits against harm. If any treatment cause more harm to infant compare to benefit than comfort of the infant should be priority based on this principle. Decision makers are also obligated to assess benefits of the treatment to infant and cost of the treatment and consequencesIn this paper my lieu is Neonatologist can make better decision for ELBW infants as they are more knowledgeable and experienced.ArgumentResuscitating ELBW infants is less beneficial compared with harmIn general the treatment outcomes of ELBW infants are very poor therefore, the expenditure of valuable resources must be utilized wisely. Stolz (1998) study findings revealed that median age of ELBW at death was 2 days and 60% of the infants died at the age of 4 days. Moreover, mean charges to produce one survivor were estimated for infant weighing Beauchamp and Childress (2001) suggested that the decisio n should be make based on principle of utility that produce maximum positive value for maximum people. The action chosen by the doctor was that maximum infants can be benefitted deep down the available resources. Therefore, the cost of care can be better spend on larger pool of infants who have better chances of survival. It can be save by setting standards and denying care to ELBW infants whose survival is uncertain. Guideline for the responsible utilization of intensive care as cited in Lorenz (2005) proposed that providing intensive care treatment to infants whose gestational age is below 23 weeks would not be beneficial. Hack et al. (2000) study revealed the result that Very-low-birth-weight participants had a lower mean IQ and higher rates of neurosensory impairments. Thus, the feature of life of ELBW infants who survived after treatment is not good.CounterargumentParents are legitimate decision maker and they should be involved in making decisionIt is careless and supersti tious to ignore or exclude the parents, they should be taken in self-confidence while making medical decision making. It is also important to consider especial(a) protection of the infant who dont has the capacity to express his wishes. Therefore, the parents interest should be honored but importantly assisted. Autonomy of the parents are not respected beside the fact that they have the capacity to decide and make own plan of action. According to Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) autonomy denotes liberty to make personal decision. It is also claimed that health professionals violate the autonomy when they believe the right and rational course of action is the one that is match with their standards otherwise they are labeled as incompetence. guess of justice implies fairness in treatment. In most of the health care ethics, the most focus principle is distributive justice that is distribution of goods and services. Nathaniel n Burkhardt (2008) Parents argued that their ELBW infants shou ld be treated as other human being. Their small baby also has the equal rights to attain health services as other normal infants have. It is the state of health professionals to make fair decision for infants who have never attained decision making capacity.Moreover, the wish of the parents to treat may be considered based on libertarian theory. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) maintains that it is the right of the parents to ask for treatment for the infant based on the material principal capacity to pay for treatment to improve health. RecommendationsCare of ELBW is quite expensive and their survival is uncertain therefore, policies regarding care of the preterm related to gestational age and weight should be formulated and implemented on priority. Moreover, to improve antenatal service is a better and cost effective option to solve the problem. In addition, pregnant women who are at risk of preterm delivery should be counseled and taken in confidence for the possible consequences of the treatment. Boyle (2014) Suggested that during counseling parents should be provided information regarding risk of death and disabilities as consequences of the treatment, so that the can make better decision in the best interest of the infant and family. Health care professionals are decision makers can help the family to make adequate decision makingReferencesAhmed, J., Shaikh, B. T. (2008). An all time low budget for healthcare in Pakistan.Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan,18(6), 388.Akhtar, J. (2010). Living wills in health care A way of empowering individuals.JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association,60(3), 240-242.Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. (5th ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Burkhardt, M. Nathaniel, A. (2008). Ethics and Issues in coeval Nursing (3rd ed.) Australia Delmar.Hack, M., Flannery, D. J., Schluchter, M., Cartar, L., Borawski, E., Klein, N. (2002). Outcomes in youn g adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants.New England Journal of Medicine,346(3), 149-157.Joy Catlin, A. (2000). Physicians neonatal resuscitation of extremely low-birth-weight preterm infants.Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing,19(3), 25-32.Singh, M. (2003). Ethical and social issues in the care of the newborn.The Indian Journal of Pediatrics,70(5), 417-420.Stolz, J. W., McCormick, M. C. (1998). Restricting access to neonatal intensive care effect on mortality and economic savings.Pediatrics,101(3), 344-348.

The McDonaldization of Society

The McDonaldization of SocietyAccording to Ritzer, the Mcdonaldization of golf club has standardized the consumer experience. Critically discuss. The McDonaldization of society was primarily published in 1993 and has since been revised and republished several times. In this text Ritzer argues that a bring of McDonaldization has scratchn put in in which the principles of the fast food restaurant argon coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the humanness (Ritzer, 2004, pg 1). This process has revolutionized the principles of military controller and transformed our experiences of ware and consumption. Ritzers concept is based on the work of Weber and his theory of rationalization (Weber, 1964). Weber argues that modernity is characterised by instrumental reason, with an increased emphasis on efficiency, engage and the use of technology. This was initiated by a decline in traditional authority and the influence of charismatic terce ters. The authority of rationality is based on rules and the application of science, logic and reason. These rules are carried out by bureaucratic structures in which groups of peoples are organised into hierarchies, each having individual responsibilities. They must follow the rules and regulations set by those who occupy a higher level in the hierarchy (Ritzer, 2004). Ritzer uses his McDonaldization model to demonstrate this rationalization process. The bureaucratic characteristics of the fast food restaurant include a complex disagreement of labour in which food is prepared elsewhere and delivered frozen. A crew of labourers then perform a specific role repeatedly, such as readiness food and serving customers. For Ritzer, the fast food restaurant has come to represent the growth of rationalization in the twentieth century and its increasing influence on e reallyday human interaction and personal identities.Ritzer identifies four scenerys of McDonaldization, superstar of whic h is predictability and relates most closely with this es assure title. This aspect of McDonaldization implies that all products and services are standardized, that is they are alike at any time and in any place (Aldridge, 2003). To standardize kernel it is loose from any irregularities, all the products are made to conform to one another. Shlosser (2001) refers to this characteristic as uniformity (pg. 5). This is the key to the success of any business franchise he argues. Customers are drawn to familiar brands by an instinct to evacuate the unkat oncen. A brand offers a feeling of reassurance when its products are always and everywhere the same (Schlosser, 2001, pg 5). Both Schlosser and Ritzer argue that the success of the fast food industry, through the occupation and consumption of standardized products, pitch encouraged other types of industry to adopt these methods of business. This has meant that identical copies of various stores are without delay spread across the w orld, leaving small businesses unable to compete (Schlosser, 2001 and Ritzer, 2004). For example, Subway now has 27,000 outlets in 85 countries and Starbucks opens an average of 6 new coffee shops per day (Ritzer, 2004). Standardization has made its roads in areas like education, healthcare, shopping, leisure and sport.It is worth concluding my introduction by outlining the other three characteristics of Ritzers McDonaldization theory. Then I will proceed to discuss the question of whether the McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience. The first dimension is efficiency the optimum method for getting from one point to another (Ritzer, 2004, pg 13). By following predetermined steps, businesses can suffice efficiently as every stage is carried out quickly and easily. This idea of efficiency is promoted by businesses as beneficial to consumers, but in reality serves their business interests as customers are increasingly providing their own labour while paying additional charges for the privilege. Ritzer offers more examples, such as salad bars, ATM machines and drive throughs. A a couple of(prenominal) years ago, the fast food chain McDonalds came up with the slogan We do it all for you. In reality, at McDonalds, we do it all for them. We stand in line, take the food to the table, dispose of the waste, and stack our trays. As labour costs rise and technology develops, the consumer often does more and more of the work (Ide and Cordell cited in Ritzer, 2004, pg 61). The second aspect is calculability, Ritzer argues that McDonaldization involves calculating, quantifying. Quality tends to become a surrogate for quality (Ritzer, 2004, pg 66). Mcdonaldized products and services are quantified, tasks are done within a certain time and products are a specific coat, numerical standards are applied to almost everything. The size of a Big Mac never changes (Aldridge, 2003). Microwaves in the home mean that meals can now be prepared in minutes, saving time for other activities. News broadcasts are condensed into minute snippets of information so we are not bogged down with fact and useless information. Ritzer argues that although an emphasis on calculability means that we can pay very little for large sizes, the quality of these goods are becoming ever more substandard. The final dimension of the McDonaldization paradigm is control. This involves the use of nonhuman technology to remove the uncertainties caused by human agency and to ensure that both employees and customers are pliant participants in the McDonaldizing process (Ritzer, 2004, pg 132). Employees are not required to think for themselves or apply human logic to their work. They must follow instructions, push buttons on tills and scan barcodes. The skill and authorisation of human actors has become insignificant in a McDonaldizing world. Our everyday interactions are now based on the use of machines. Ritzers critique of these four dimensions is discussed in h is chapter on the irrationality of rationality where he acknowledges the benefits of the McDonaldization of society, such as increased variety, the availability of 24 hour shopping and increased speed of service. But despite the unequivocal benefits he argues that rationalization produces unreasonable systems in which human reason is undermined. His arguments mirror those of Marx and his discussion of alienation (1844).Ritzers compend of McDonaldiztion can be extended to many handle of consumption which have become increasingly standardized. For example, many argue that higher education has become McDonaldized. Previously, academics who teach in higher education were able to control their methods of teaching and dictate the nature of its content. This diversity in teaching styles and approaches has been reduced to a homogenized, product orientated system in which the student is now approximation of as a customer. The quality of education is now highly controlled and regulated, t eaching and research is bureaucratic and rationalized to serve economic interests. Evidence of this can be institute in the emphasis on skills and employability placed on students as well as the use of postgraduate students and other low wage teaching assistants to lead classes. Higher education institutions are forced to compete with one another for funding and rank positions for the quality of teaching and research. Students opinions are now recorded by way of course evaluations which amount to surveys on customer satisfaction (Poynter, 2002). Lecturers and tutors are often required to develop and update new skills in technology in their teaching, this includes the use of power point and blackboard. Students also use technology in their studies in order to prepare them for their careers and the world of business. Although in that location is no national syllabus in place for higher education, this may change in the future and a national standard may be put in place (Hartley, 1 993). This mass performance of education is likely to cause a decline in its quality. Ritzer argues that we have seen the ultimate step in the dehumanization of education, the elimination of a human teacher and of human interaction between teacher and student (Ritzer, 2004, pg 155). It is interesting that Ritzer suggests not only that university education has become McDonaldized, but that the subject of sociology has too. He discusses the McDonaldization of sociology textbooks and sociological theory or standardized theory (Ritzer, 1998, pg 37) but does not consider his own contribution to this phenomenon in writing the McDonaldization thesis. many a(prenominal) argue that his books have made social theory more palatable for students (Smart, 2006).There are many other examples of standardized consumer experiences. Ritzer identifies fie aspects of this standardization or predictability. Each can be related to specific areas of consumption. Hotel chains are a perfect example of pre dictable settings the growth of these chains has changed the way we experience hotel stays, while previously they were very diverse and owned by individuals who ran them in different ways and offered varying services and amenities. Now customers know what to expect from well known chains as each establishment is identical to the next (Ritzer, 2004,). The existence of individually run guesthouses and bed and breakfast is not a thing of the past as Ritzer seems to imply. These types of hotels are still hugely popular by consumers who wish for a more traditional, less standardized experience.The use of scripted interaction has created a more routinized experience for the consumer, we encounter this form of pseudo-interaction on almost a daily basis in fast food restaurants and supermarkets as well as other places. Many supermarkets require their staff to follow a number of compulsory steps when serving customers, such as great the customer, offer to pack, promote certain products, say goodbye etc. Ritzer argues that consumers are subjected to inauthentic, insincere, treatment. I would argue however that although workers are required to ask certain questions, it is not as scripted as Ritzer claims, many businesses encourage their staff to engage in natural conversation with them.Ritzer highlights that employee behaviour has become set to a specific standard. Workers must dress and act in a certain way. Detailed employee manuals are often distributed containing the dos and donts of the job. Disney is a good illustration of this, Bryman (2004) discusses the emotional labour of employees working in Disney theme lay in which they must act as characters when delivering service, they are required to present the idea that they are taking part in the fun and not precisely working. They internalise the culture of Disney by using a specific vocabulary and adopting a Disneyized persona in their work.The standardized nature of products, as well as the processes involved in their production, is another aspect of Ritzers predictability theory. In McDonalds, the food is easy to prepare and pre-cut to look identical to one another. The methods of preparation are the same in every restaurant, as is the packaging in which it is served. Ritzer argues that simple menus ensure predictability and uncomfortable seating (which is often in short supply) ensures that customers eat and leave quickly. It is important to line of reasoning however, that McDonalds restaurant has changed in recent times, the menu has grown and now includes more healthy options and alternatives to the classic items like hamburgers and milkshakes. The decor and seating have also changed and is now much more vibrant, creating a dining experience in which customers are not forced to leave quickly but relax and take their time. This is something Ritzer may have to factor into the next edition of his book. He also argues that regional and ethnic distinctions are disappearing from American coo king (Ritzer, 2004, pg 99). The predictability of food in a McDonaldized society means that the food consumed in one city, is the same as any other. The standardized nature of the food served in fast food restaurants means that we can purchase the very same product in most parts of the world he argues. This can be disputed in that there are always cultural variations in the food served in different countries, such as the meat used and sauces supplied the restaurant. Religious and cultural beliefs have an dissemble on the type of food on offer. The menus are certainly not as standardized and uniform as Ritzer claims. Turner (2006) identifies this as a study criticism of Ritzer and argues that the extent and uniformity of McDonalds is not an illustration of cultural standardization (pg 82). He goes on to cite ethnographic studies which prove that McDonaldization is not a straight off forward process.Standardized consumer experiences also involve keenness by businesses to minimize d anger and unpleasantness (pg 102). Again, Disney theme parks are a useful illustration of this as they are exceedingly controlled environments free from crime and disorder. Shopping malls are another good example as they protect the shopper from the dangers of the outside world and provide a relaxed, upbeat environment.Ritzer discusses and documents an extensive number of areas of consumption which are characteristically rationalized and standardized. At this point, the argument that McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience is quite convincing. However, many writers have criticised Ritzers McDonaldization thesis and I would like now to outline a few of the critiques that have been put forward, some have already been mentioned. I will then total and conclude the essay.Kellner (1999) points out firstly that Ritzer manages to cover a diverse number of areas simply because his thesis is so broad as to conceptually grasp and look a wealth of data (pg. 186). Kellner argues that Ritzers theory relies too heavily on Webers work on rationalization. This generates a one-sided and limited optic that needs to be expanded by further critical perspectives (pg. 187). Ritzers methods of research are also quite limiting and can be described simply as journalistic, he uses every day, observable illustrations which are easy to relate to and discuss. Therefore he is heavily reliant on media articles to exemplify his arguments. Absent from his theory is a precondition of the subjective aspects of McDonaldization and the role of human agents. How do we as individuals view the McDonaldization process and how does it serve our interests? There seems to be too much focus on production, with a disregard for the diverse experiences and practices of consumption. Kellner suggests that cultural studies be included in the McDonaldiztion thesis. The McDonalds experience today for example, has arguably entered the post-modern realm, where McDonalds advertising has come to represent a quasi- mythical, hyper real world of Americana, family fun and good times (Kellner, 1999, pg 191). Kellner proposes that a multiperspective approach would be more valuable and the incorporation of the work of theorists such as Marx and Baudrillard would be useful.ONeill (1999) is also extremely critical of Ritzer and questions whether McDonaldization is a sufficient theory to explain the changes to our experiences of consumption in recent times. He describes Ritzers books as theory burgers only suitable for the lay commonwealth (ONeill, 1999, pg 53).he concludes his chapter with the statement only you can stop teaching/reading Ritzer (pg. 55).To conclude, Ritzer has claimed that the fast food restaurant has standardized everything related to the production and consumption of goods. From the shape and size of fries to the scripting of human interaction. This revolutionary system is indicative of changes in other areas of social life today, and marks the begi nning of future changes to come. Ritzer convincingly backs up his claims with an analysis of other phenomena such as education and leisure. By utilizing Webers classic work on rationalization and the iron cage of bureaucracy (1964) Ritzer applies and extends it to present day experiences of production and consumption. It is probably reasonable to say that the McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience. But with his to a fault pessimistic analysis, Ritzer fails to offer any insight into the deeper social and cultural reasons and ramifications for this process. His theory is overly descriptive and presents a simplistic view of contemporary consumer culture. What is needed is, as Kellner argues, a theory which offers more than a one dimensional perspective and takes into narration the subjective experiences and symbolic value of our practices.BibliographyAldridge, A (2003) Consumption. Cambridge Polity Press.Bryman, A (2004) The Disneyization of society. capi tal of the United Kingdom Sage.Hartley, D (1995) The McDonaldization of higher education Food for thought? Oxford review of education. Vol. 21. Pp. 409-423. Published by Taylor and Francis Ltd.Kellner, D (1999) Theorizing/resisting McDonaldization A multiperspective approach. In Smart, B ed Resisting McDonaldization. London Sage.Marx, K (1844) The economic and philosophical manuscripts. New York International publishers.ONeill, J (1999) Have you had your theory today? In Smart, B ed Resisting McDonaldization. London Sage.Poynter, G (2002) Modules and markets education and work in the information age in Hayes, D and Wynyard, R eds The McDonaldization of higher education. USA Greenwood press.Ritzer, G (1998) The Mcdonaldization of American sociology A metasociological analysis. In Ritzer, G ed The McDonaldization thesis. London Sage.Ritzer, G (2004) The McDonaldization of society Revised new century edition. USA Sage publications.Schlosser, E (2001) Fast food nation. London Penguin.Sm art, B (1999) Resisting McDonaldization Theory, process and critique. In Smart, B ed Resisting McDonaldization. London Sage.Taylor, S and Lyon, P (1995) Paradigm lost the rise and fall of McDonaldization International journal of contemporary cordial reception management. Vol. 7 No. 2/3.pp. 64-68. MCB University Press.Turner, B. S (2006) McDonaldization the major criticisms in Ritzer ed McDonaldization the reader. California Pine forge press.Weber, M (1964) The theory of economic and social organizations. New York The free press.

Should Torture be Justified in any Case?

Should Torture be Justified in any Case?Jason Poole take inThe word single-foot comes from a Latin root meaning twisted, and first appeared in Rome in 530 AD. 600 years later, Italian and French courts changed from an accusatory dodge to a judiciary system, as opposed to the Roman courts, where single-foot was used to extr symbolize culture (Green). However, the thinking of gouge in the courtroom was non be until the 18th century during the Enlighten workforcet period. Voltaire condemned curse profusely in legion(predicate) of his essays, and from the end of the 18th century into the start of the 19th century, nearly every European country had abolished torture in their statutory law (Green). After the adoption of the Geneva Conventions, torture became condemned completely.Recently, the debate of torture has been reestablished with the controversy of waterboarding, brought forth by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 2004. It was provoked because the definiti on of torture has allowed interrogators and law directrs to interpret it in different ways. The set definition is the infliction of intense corporal pain to punish, coerce, or afford sadistic pleasure (Torture). As the definition save mentions physical pain, one could assert that psychological pain, as some struggle waterboarding is, does not fall infra the restrictions on torture.The debate of whether torture can be subscribeed in any situation is reliant upon whether the life of an innocent takes creator over the physical and psychological state of a criminal. The argument that torture is able to be justified revolves around utilitarianism, or the idea that an action is for the great good. Only within recent centuries have attitudes changed against the use of torture. According to a poll done by the Washington Post, 82% of conservatives in the United States desire that torture can be justified in most cases involving national security. However, with the addition of Article 3 in the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the social stigma against torture had been solidified. The UNs standards show that torture can never be justified, and that the interrogator who committed the act should be to the full prepared to face the consequences of doing so in court. Non-Governmental Organizations such(prenominal) as Amnesty International and the World Organization Against Torture, are strong advocates of this viewpoint. Both press for political action against torture. In the United Kingdom, almost 70% are clearly against torture in all cases (Amnesty). Opinions of respected political analysts, as well as studies of each side, will allow the two arguments in regards of torture to be evaluated and assessed suitably.The perception of temporary pain of a criminal over the perpetual death of an innocent is one found in many arguments of this perspective. It is the thought that the criminal, who has or will do much worse, has a way out of the torture being inflicted upon them in the form of giving up of information that the interrogator needs (Spero). Spero claims that, Certainly, pain is not the equivalent of life itself, so that even saving one life takes precedence over the pain of the terrorist. He supports this statement by arguing that a moral mortal could not stand by under these circumstances, and that most would put the state of their countrymen above that of the terrorist that threatens their lives. Spero asserts that the happenings at Guantanamo Bay are not torture, but coercion. He doesnt defend the uses of interrogation themselves, but rather compares the compound interrogation techniques that the United States uses on terrorists to the permanent imperfection used in the Muslim world, as well as the point that the purpose behind the former is for information and the latters is sadism (Spero). However, Spero has a paragraph that shows his bias in this controversy, calling American liberals anti-western and anti-American. He also calls tho se at the New York Times mentally abnormal. This bias, as well as the fact that he h superannuateds no qualifications to defend the use of torture serves to detract from his argument that torture can be justified.In his editorial, Charles Krauthammer cites the possibility of control board nullification in cases where torture occurred, which is usually use when extenuating circumstances the defendant was under cause the jury to return a verdict that contradicts the facts of the case. The idea that there are specific cases in which jury nullification should be callight-emitting diode for is supported by Charles Krauthammer, a kn deliver defender of the concept of the ticking time bomb. He asserts that there are two cases in which torture can be justified, those being the aforementioned ticking time bomb scenario, and a situation in which there is a near sanction that many innocents will be killed. The ticking time bomb is a hypothetical thought experiment that involves the ethics o f torture. The experiment first appeared in the 1960s, and poses the hesitancy if someone with knowledge of an imminent terrorist attack should be tortured into giving up that information (Lartguy). Krauthammer falls on the consequentialist side of the argument, believing that the torture of the person can be justified, especially if innocent lives are at stake. In his opinion editorial in 2009, he states his viewpoint on torture, and attempts to defend it. However, he fails to discern the difference between interrogation and torture, severely discrediting his argument, starting to defend interrogation instead of torture, causing him to fail in proving his point. Krauthammer also calls his second expulsion to his no-torture rule an manakin of Catch-22. As the defenders do not know the information they need to be able to handicap an act of terrorism from happening, and cant set out that out in time, an interrogator should resort to extremities to deal with the terrorist that act s in extremes (Krauthammer). Krauthammers credibility as the previous Chief Resident in Psychiatry at milliampere planetary Hospital and his Masters Degree in Psychology does help his credibility on the subject of torture, and thus his argument as a whole.At this time, there is no one arguing for the removal of laws against torture. washbowl McCain, a prisoner of war in the Vietnamese fight and a current Senator of Arizona, believes, I dont believe this scenario requires us to write into law an exception to our treaty and moral obligations that would permit cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. To carve out legal exemptions to this basic article of belief of human rights risks opening the door to abuse as a subject field of course, rather than a standard violated truly in extremis. This is another example of a case where jury nullification would be a viable solution. Rather, there are those that believe that torture is inescapable, though still morally unjust. unity such i s Bruce Anderson, a British political columnist and an advocate of torture. He wrote an editorial for The Independent in 2010, arguing that Britain has a duty to torture terrorists. Anderson says that men cannot be angels in the case of torture, and explains that, However repugnant we may find torture, there are worse horrors, such as the nuclear devastation of rally London, killing hundreds of thousands of race and inflicting irreparable damage on mankinds cultural heritage. He defends this statement by painting torture as the lesser of two evils, and claims that Britain is ensuring their own destruction by not gathering the information needed to prevent a terrorist attack. He also asserts that the best way to garner this information is by torture (Anderson). Anderson continues, floundering for an answer from when he was asked about a hypothetical situation by British liberal Sydney Kentridge about what Anderson would do when a hardened terrorist would not divulge the informatio n needed. His answer was, Torture the wife and children. This answer on how he would break a terrorist shows to be hypocritical of his previous statement. This, and also that he has no specific qualifications on this subject severely discredits his argument.The perception that torture does not work as a means of extracting accurate information is an old principle dating back to the 18th century. It is the idea that if one were to torture for information, at some point the person would say anything for the pain to stop. Rupert Stone asserts that torture is at best ineffective to gather information. To support this, he cites Shane OMara, the author of Why Torture Doesnt Work, sayingtorture can produce ridiculous information by harming those areas of the mavin associated with memory. An experiment conducted by Charles Morgan in 2006 had soldiers undergo stressful, but typical, means of coercion. At the end of the trial, they exhibited a remarkable deterioration in memory (Stone). One of his interviewees, Glenn Carle, an interrogator with the CIA comments on the subject, Information obtained under duress is suspect and polluted from the start and harder to verify. He speaks about his experience in interrogating terrorists, and how those who were under stress previously in the lead he tried to interrogate them were more likely to give false information. However, he admitted that he was not sure if it was because of memory impairment or to stop the stressful conditions, which has the potential to weaken his argument. Regardless, he asserts that torture can lead to false confessions (Stone). A letter to Frontline PBS from Michael Nowacki, a Staff Sergeant in the U.S. Army also agrees with the idea of false information. He argues that using false information gathered from previous torturees can cause innocent people to be tortured for information they do not know about. As an interrogator, he found that 95% of the people being put under these conditions were innoce nt, and that most of these cases came from false statements by informants put under torture (Nowacki).The thought that torture can create propaganda for terrorist groups has recently been spurred by the American Air Force Major under the pseudonym Matthew Alexander. He was one of the lead interrogators tasked with finding the location of the Abu Musab al Zarqawi, who was the head of Al-Qaeda at the time. In 2008, he wrote How to Break a Terrorist, which fine his accounts of how he managed to garner the information needed. He commented on his belief that highly coercive interrogation techniques have not helped the United States in the past, and how interrogating the informant with confidence-building approaches led him to the location of Zarqawi (Alexander). Alexander claims that by stooping to torture, America would be pushing more people to Al Qaeda, thus being counterproductive. He supports this by explaining that the people he had fought against state that the number one reason they had decided to pick up arms and join Al Qaeda was the abuses at Abu Ghraib and the authorized torture and abuse at Guantnamo Bay. He asserts that the short term gains of torture would be overshadowed by the long term losses (Alexander). He quotes Alberto Mora in his interview, a General Counsel of the U.S. Navy. Mora comments that main causes of U.S. combat deaths in Iraq due to the recruiting insurgent fighters into combat are Abu Ghraib and Guantnamo.This idea is also supported by John Hutson, a retired derriere Admiral in the U.S. Navy, who asserts in a debate about torture run by that there was a reason the Nazis surrendered to the Americans, the ones they knew would treat them somewhat fairly, versus the Russians, who barefacedly tortured their people for information in World War 2. He also tries to support the argument by also citing the first Iraqi War In the first Iraq war, tens of thousands of Iraqis surrendered to us because they knew that they would be treated dece ntly. My friends, theyre not surrendering to us anymore (Hutson). There are large amounts of bias here, not only because he is stating his opinion but also that he is trying to convince the audience of the debate the torture is not necessary to gain information. 1After assessing the arguments for both positions on the controversy of torture, I could only morally agree with the idea that torture is unable to be justified. It is a practice that is hard to condone, as most enhanced interrogation techniques are close or could be considered torture. Henry Porter, attempting to combat the aforementioned Anderson summarizes the idea, It is preposterous for him to suggest that Elizabethan society has anything to tell societies that come aft(prenominal) the enlightenment and the birth of the age of universal rights. Its as stupid as citing the Vikings or Visigoths to excuse behaviour in the 21st century. There are many constrictions on interrogation as well as governments in superior gener al to prevent the use of torture the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the Geneva Conventions, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, for example. However, I would like to think myself not naive enough to think that torture will not happen, no matter the rarity of the cases, as the research of my paper concludes. I maintain the idea that torture is a horrible application, though I have to find myself agreeing with Senator John McCain that torture should not be a permanent exception to the law, but one violated in extraordinary circumstances, and as Krauthammer said, that a torturer should be fully prepared to face the consequences, no matter the circumstances. However, it is necessary for this topic to be researched much more for the sanctions of under what cases should torture be justified. Overall, the justification of torture is an idea that cannot be applied to all cases. Each detail needs to be thoroughly investigated, and even then, every case has diffe rent circumstances that could allow torture to be or prevent torture from being justified. Thus, it is impossible to fully say that torture can or cannot be justified.Works CitedAlexander, Matthew. The American unrestricted has a Right to Know That They Do Not couldillHave to Choose Between Torture and Terror Six questions for Matthew coulillllAlexander, author of How to Break a Terrorist. Harpers Magazine. 18 declination coulillll2008.http//harpers.org/blog/2008/12/the-american-public-has-a-right-to-know-that-they-do-not-have-to-choose-between-torture-and-terror-six-questions-for-matthew-alexander-author-of-_how-to-break-a-terrorist_/Amnesty poll finds 29% say torture can be justified. British Broadcasting Channel. 13 couldillMay 2014,http//www.bbc.com/news/uk-27387040Anderson, Bruce. Bruce Anderson We not only have a right to use torture. We have a couilllllduty. The Independent. 15 February 2010,http//www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/bruce-anderson/bruce-anderson-we-no t-only-have-a-right-to-use-torture-we-have-a-duty-1899555.htmlGoldman, Adam. New poll finds majority of Americans think torture was justified after couldil9/11 attacks. Washington Post. 16 December 2014,https//www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/new-poll-finds-majority-of-americans-believe-torture-justified-after-911-attacks/2014/12/16/f6ee1208-847c-11e4-9534-f79a23c40e6c_story.html?utm_term=.12533031f512Green, Camilla. History of Torture. The Justice Campaign, http//thejusticecampaign.org/?page_id=175Krauthammer, Charles. The Use of Torture and What Nancy Pelosi Knew. Washington couldillPost. 1 May 2009,http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ nub/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043003108.htmlLartguy, Jean. Les Centurions. Penguin Classics, December 1960. ****Nowacki, Michael. Join the Discussion The Torture Question. Frontline PBS.http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/torture/talk/Spero, Aryeh. Its Not Torture and It Is Necessary. Human Events, 16 January 2007,http//humanevents.c om/2007/01/16/its-not-torture-and-it-is-necessary/Roth, Kenneth. Torture Does it make us safer? Is it ever OK? Human Rights Watch, couldill2005,http//rockyanderson.org/rockycourses/Torture_History_of_Torture019.pdfStone, Rupert. Science Shows that Torture Doesnt Work and is Counterproductive. couldillNewsweek. 8 May 2016,http//www.newsweek.com/2016/05/20/science-shows-torture-doesnt-work-456854.htmlTorture The Definition of Torture. Merriam-Webster, https//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torturehttp//jaapl.org/ capacitance/37/3/332Word Count 2812 2734 2657 2622 2362 2286This is not to say that interrogators that have used torture for information are allowed to be forgiven automatically. There is a general consensus between both perspectives that the inflictor must go to court and be prepared to be punished for his actions, as torture is still against the law. However, the distinction is found in the idea of jury nullification. It occurs when a jury returns a verdict of Not Guilty despite concrete proof or the accepted belief that the defendant has committed the crime they are on trial for. When applied to torture, jury nullification occurs when the extenuating circumstances that the interrogator was placed under allow the act to be justified, and therein lies the controversy.1Maybe combine these two paragraphs? Hutson doesnt matter as much as Alexander, and you could do bias for each of them then

Melba Pattillo Beals, Warriors Dont Cry Essay -- Warriors Dont Cry

Melba Pattillo Beals, Warriors Dont CryIn the book Warriors Dont Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals, the author describes what her reactions and feelings are to the racial hatred and disagreement she and eight other African-American teenagers received in Little Rock, Arkansas during the desegregation period in 1957. She tells the story of the nine students from the time she turned xvi years old and began keeping a diary until her final days at Central High give instruction in Little Rock. The story begins by Melba talking about the anger, hatred, and sadness that is brought up upon her first return to Central High for a reunion with her eight other classmates. As she walks through the halls and dwell of the old school, she recalls the horrible acts of vehemence that were committed by the white students against her and her friends.In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the theatrical role of Brown vs. The Board of reproduction that schools needed to integrate and provide equal educati on for all people and it was unconstitutional for the state to deny certain citizens this opportunity. Although this decision was a landmark case and meant the schools could no longer deny admission to a child based solely on the color of their skin. By 1957, most schools had began to slowly integrate their students, tho those in the deep south were still trying to fight the decision. One of the most widely known instances of this recovering was at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. It took the school district three years to work out an integration plan. The board members and faculty didnt like the fact that they were going to wipe out to teach a group of students that were looked down upon and seen as inferior to white students. However, after much opposition, a plan was finally proposed. The plan called for the integration to happen in three phases. First, during the 1957-1958 school year, the senior lofty school would be integrated, then after completion at the senior high level, the junior high would be integrated, and the elementary levels would follow in due time. Seventeen students were chosen from hundreds of applicants to be the first black teenagers to begin the integration process. The town went into an uproar. Many acts of violence were committed toward the African-Americans in the city. Racism and segregation seemed to be on the rise. Most black students decid... ...f and eventually led to complete integration of all ethnic groups in America. The definition of a warrior is one who is engaged in or experienced in battle, or in the military life a soldier a champion. Melba Beals proved to be a warrior throughout all of the events that surrounded the integration of Central High School. Although she eventually had to leave town, she and the other eight students showed admittedly bravery and courage when they decided to scale the walls of segregation and end the oppression of the white people in Little Rock. Beals was truly woman who fought hard and unploughed her faith in route to becoming a warrior and eventually a champion in the fight for civil rights.SourcesBeals, Melba Patillo. Warriors Dont Cry. Pocket Books. (February 1995).Cozzens, Lisa. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965. African American History. http//fledge.watson.org/lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65 (25 May 1998).Beals, Melba Patillo. Warriors Dont Cry. Pocket Books. (February 1995).Cozzens, Lisa. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965. African American History. http//fledge.watson.org/lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65 (25 May 1998).